The Hours of Philip the Bold
Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1363-1404), is said to have recited his prayers daily from this manuscript, his Grandes Heures (‘Great Hours’). A witness to his spiritual life, the volume is also his crowning achievement as an art-loving bibliophile. With nearly 200 images, this is one of the most sophisticated manuscripts to survive from the library of the Burgundian Dukes.
The manuscript was produced in two main campaigns. The first was initiated in 1376 by Philip the Bold and paid for in 1379, with a few texts and images added in 1390. Philip’s confessor Guillaume de Valen entrusted the production to leading members of the Parisian book trade who also worked for the Duke’s brother, King Charles V of France. The second campaign was completed in 1451 for Philip’s grandson, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419-1467), by Flemish scribes and artists. By then the manuscript had become so large that the Duke had it rebound in two volumes. The first one, this volume at the Fitzwilliam Museum, preserves all 150 images of the original campaign and seventeen illuminations added in the 15th century. The second volume, containing only 15th-century images, is in Brussels (Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 11035-37). A portable gallery of French and Flemish paintings, the Grandes Heures showcased the Burgundian Dukes’ art patronage and passion for ostentatious display.
Learn more about the manuscript by exploring the sections below or selecting folios on the right.
Philip the Bold’s accounts reveal the important role of the scribe Jean L’Avenant in the manuscript’s production, but offer no information about the illuminators who supplied some 150 images during the original campaign (1376-1390). Three of them – the Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy, the Master of the Grandes Heures and the Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V – illuminated other manuscripts for members of the French royal family. The images of the first campaign constitute three quarters of the manuscript’s visual content, a substantial proportion of these artists’ total corpus of works and the main focus of the technical analyses whose results are presented here. Sixteen other artists provided the seventeen images added to the Fitzwilliam’s volume during the second campaign (c. 1440-1451). Technical examination of these images awaits future analyses of larger groups of works by these artists preserved in other institutions.
The manuscript was commissioned by Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1363-1404), in 1376. It was passed on to his son, John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1404-1419), and grandson, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419-1467). By 1867 it belonged to Mrs W.F. Harvey of Purbrook Heath House, Hampshire. In 1939 it was found in the possession of Mrs Streatfield, wife of the rector of Symondsbury, Dorset, by Sydney Cockerell, former Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum (1908-1937). He brought it to the attention of Lord Lee of Fareham (1868-1947), who purchased it in June 1940 and bequeathed it to the Fitzwilliam Museum in 1947. It was presented by his widow in 1954.
The manuscript contains the texts common to Books of Hours, such as the Hours of the Virgin and the Holy Spirit, the Penitential Psalms, the Office of the Dead and the suffrages (short prayers) to saints. In addition, it includes numerous masses, prayers and hymns normally found in Missals. The involvement of Philip the Good’s confessor, Guillaume de Valen, may account for the transformation of this Book of Hours into a complex and individualised devotional compendium. The original campaign contains one full-page and ten large miniatures accompanied by one historiated initial and ten bas-de-page scenes at major text divisions as well as 128 small miniatures illustrating the Calendar, masses and prayers. The second campaign has one full-page, five large and eleven small miniatures for masses and prayers added in the 15th century. The texts of both campaigns have profuse ornamentation, including initials illuminated in gold and full colours or pen-flourished with exquisite red and blue patterns.
The palette of the illuminations painted during the original campaign is remarkably homogeneous: ultramarine blue, red lead, carbon black, organic pink, brown earths and lead white, the latter used on its own and with other pigments to modify their hues. Vergaut was used for green robes, trees and dark green-grey landscapes. Purple, used sparingly, was obtained by applying an organic red glaze over a thin layer of ultramarine blue.
Two of the four main artists made different choices with regards to yellow and red pigments, which help distinguish their work from that of their colleagues.
Extensive underdrawing in different styles is clearly visible in the near-infrared images of the majority of the illuminations examined. This contributes to the differentiation of individual artists.
The infrared images are particularly clear due to the nature of the specific pigments employed throughout the manuscript, the majority of which are highly transparent in the near-infrared range. The images also allowed the visualisation of a few pentimenti in some of the smaller miniatures and bas-de-page scenes (fols. 24v, 62v).
Trinity (Canon of the Mass)
The three Persons of the Trinity are shown in a composition known as the Throne of Mercy. The artist responsible for this image is named after it. The miniature is framed within a quadrilobed mandorla, with the Evangelists’ symbols in the corners. The gold Crucifixion in the lower border was added for the priest to kiss while celebrating Mass. This is a very elaborate version of the ‘kissing cross’ often provided beneath Crucifixion miniatures to avoid the main image being smudged by devout lips.
The Master of the Throne of Mercy used a palette and painting technique comparable to those of the Jean de Sy Master and the Master of the Grandes Heures. However, there are several notable differences. The facial types and the minimal modelling of flesh differ from those of the other two artists. There is no stippling in the blue and violet robes. The underdrawing contributes little to the simulation of volume. He was the only artist to use vermilion for the shading of orange areas painted with red lead.